Mesopotamia // Mezopotamiya
Inzuzi Efurate na Tigiri iherereye muri iki gihe mu bihugu bya Turukiya, Iraki na Siriya. mu myaka 6.000 ishize, ibice binini by’utwo duce byiswe Mezopotamiya, bisobanura “igihugu kiri hagati yinzuzi”.
Ikirere cyo muri kariya gace gihora gishyushye kandi ari cyiza, ariko kandi cyumye cyane. Nubwo bimeze bityo, imbuto nyinshi zigurishwa muri Noruveje ziva muri kariya gace. Akagace kararumbuka. Nigute hashobora kuba humye cyane, kandi hakarumbuka?
Nkuko ushobora kuba wabitekereje,hari inzuzi nkibisobanuro. Hatariho iz`inzuzi nini, ako gace kari kuba ubutayu, bityo ntakintu nakimwe mera aho.
Mu mpeshyi, igihe urubura rwo mu misozi rwashonga, inzuzi zaruzuye. Amazi yarazamutse yuzura inkombe zazo. Iyo amazi yagabanutse kandi inzuzi zasubiye kuri mezire zisanzwe, icyondo kirumbuka kiguma mumirima (ifumbire). Uyu mwanda urimo Ifumbire nziza zituma ubutaka burumbuka ubutaka.
Abaturage ba Mezopotamiya baremye tekinike nyinshi nziza nibikoresho byo gukoresha kugirango babyaze amazi umusaruro muburyo bwiza bushoboka. Amazi yose bari bafite, bashoboraga gutuma ubutaka burumbuka, bagahinga ibyo bashaka hafi yabyose. Byongeye kandi, mu nzuzi hari amafi menshi.
Abahinzi ba mbere
Abantu babaga muri Mezopotamiya bari abahinzi ba mbere. Nibo bambere batangiye guhinga ingano. Mu guhinga, kuvomera no gufumbira ubutaka, basanze ubutaka bwararumbutse cyane. Ibi bivuze ko bashoboraga gusarura ingano inshuro nyinshi mugihe cyumwaka. Ibihingwa binini nibiryo byinshi bivuze ko bashoboraga no gukusanya no kubika kugirango bikoreshwe nyuma. Kugira ngo bibafashe mu kazi kabo, bakoresheje inyamaswa nk’inka n’amafarasi. Abaturage ba Mezopotamiya ni bo babanje gutangira korora amatungo.
Hariho byinshi byatunga abantu muri Mezopotamiya, byatumye benshi bahitamo kwimukirayo. Nuko imijyi yambere kwisi yavutse. Ibi byabaye mu myaka ibihumbi ishize. Nyuma yigihe imijyi yaratunganijwe neza. Bari bafite kandi amashuri n’abasirikare. Mezopotamiya izwiho insengero zayo, zitwa ziggurats, nizindi nyubako zitangaje. Abantu bari bafite imyuga itandukanye. Bamwe bita abaturage ba Mesopotamiya abantu ba mbere bafite umuco.
Ubuvumbuzi
Mu majyepfo ya Mezopotamiya hari igihugu cya Sumeri. Abasumeriya bakoze ibintu byinshi byavumbuwe, harimo imibare na geometrie. Bakoze sisiteme yimibare, ifite 60 nkumubare fatizo. Dukoresha bimwe muri byo uyu munsi. Isaha ifite iminota 60 naho umunota ufite amasegonda 60. Tugabanya uruziga muri dogere 360. Hagati ya 3500 na 3000 mbere ya Yesu baremye sisiteme yo kwandika yitwa cuneiform. Ubwa mbere inyandiko ya cuneiform yari inyandiko ishushanya. Nyuma yigihe byaje koroshwa amashusho asimbuzwa inyuguti. Abasumeriya banditse ku bisate by’ibumba no kw` ibuye. Ubuhanga bwo kwandika bwakwirakwiriye mu burasirazuba no mu burengerazuba kugera, mu bindi bihugu, nka Misiri. Ibindi byavumbuwe birimo amapine n’amasuka. Byongeye kandi, bashyiraga agasongero kumato yabo, kugirango batapfa kurohama kuburyo bworoshye, nuko batangira gukoresha ubwato, kuburyo batagombaga gutonda umurongo igihe cyose.
Sisiteme yimibare ifite 60 nkumubare fatizo.
Hagati ya 3500 na 3000 mbere ya Yesu baremye sisiteme yo kwandika yitwa “cuneiform”
Imigi
Abasumeriya bubatse imigi minini. Umujyi munini muri Sumer witwaga Uruk. Umujyi wa Ur wari undi mujyi wingenzi wubucuruzi, ufatanye ninyanja. Buri mujyi wasangaga ari igihugu cyihariye n’umwami wacyo. Abami bari bafite imbaraga nyinshi, kuko nabo bari abayobozi b’amadini. Mu mijyi habaga umwami, abagaragu be, abatambyi n’abanyabukorikori.
Akenshi wasangaga inkuta zizengurutse umujyi wose kugirango zirinde abanzi. Abahinzi babaga mu turere dukikije umujyi bagombaga kwishyura umwami imisoro, y` ingano, inyama, amafi n’imboga. Abasumeriya ntibakoresheje amafaranga kugirango babone ibicuruzwa. Bagurishaga ibicuruzwa bakeneye. Abacuruzi bafataga ubwato bakajya mu mahanga bagurana umuringa na zahabu. Abanyabukorikori baguranishaga ibiryo kubintu nk’ubutaka, imitako n’imyenda n’ibikoresho bitandukanye byo mu rugo.
Amagambo y`ingenzi mu inyandiko
Gutunganya
bisobanura gutondekanya ikintu kuburyo bivamo ibintu bisanzwe (bikwiye?) byuzuye.
Gukusanya
bisobanura gushyira hamwe, guteranya, gutoranya kubera impamvu runaka.
Kuzigama
bisobanura kubika ibintu ngo bizakoreshwe nyuma
Koroshya
Bisobanura koroshya ibintu.
Kuzamuka
bivuze ko ikintu kibaho, gitangira cyangwa kiza.
Kubyaza umusaruro
bisobanura kungukirwa nikintu runaka, gikoresha kubintu biguha inyungu.
Gutera
bisobanura gukora/ kubyaza umusaruro ikintu urugero : nkibimera.
Guhinduranya
bisobanura gutanga ikintu ukubona ikindi kintu aho.(kugurana)
Gusarura
bisobanura gufata mu gihingwa, icyakuze.
Umwuzure
bisobanura gushyira munsi y’amazi, amazi arengera.
Kuzamuka/ kurohama
kuzamuka bivuze ko hari ikintu cyiyongera cyangwa kizamuka. Kugabanuka bivuze ko ikintu kigabanuka cyangwa kikamanuka.
Gufumbira
bivuze kongeramo ifumbire nyinshi mubutaka kugirango ibimera bikure neza.
Filime mucyongereza ivuga ubuzima muri Mezopotamia
Igishushanyo 1: Karl Musser, byahinduwe ibirango na: Mathias-S, CC BY-SA 2.5, akoresheje Wikimedia Commons